Target Publications Std 10 Science 1 PDF Download Chapter 1 Gravitation
Introduction
Gravitation is one of the most fundamental forces in nature that governs the motion and interaction of all matter in the universe. It is also one of the most fascinating topics in physics that explains many phenomena that we observe in our daily life, such as the falling of objects, the tides, the orbits of planets, etc.
target publications std 10 science 1 pdf download chapter 1 gravitation
In this article, we will explore the concepts and topics covered in chapter 1 of std 10 science 1 book by target publications, which is available for free download in PDF format from their website . This book is based on the latest syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (MSBSHSE) for std 10 students. The book covers all the important questions, diagrams, activities, experiments, numerical problems, etc. that will help you to ace your board exams.
Universal Law of Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687, when he realized that the same force that makes an apple fall from a tree also keeps the moon in orbit around the earth. He stated that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The formula for the universal law of gravitation is given by:
F = G (m1m2) / r
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where F is the gravitational force acting between two objects, m1 and m2 are their masses, r is the distance between their centers, and G is the universal gravitational constant, which has a value of 6.67 x 10 Nm/kg.
The unit of gravitational force is newton (N), which is defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one meter per second squared.
Some examples and applications of the universal law of gravitation are:
The motion of planets around the sun, which follows elliptical orbits due to the balance of the gravitational force and the centripetal force.
The tides in the oceans, which are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon and the sun on the water.
The weight of an object, which is the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the object.
The escape velocity, which is the minimum speed required to overcome the gravitational pull of a planet or a star.
Free Fall
Free fall is the motion of an object under the influence of gravity only, without any other forces acting on it. In free fall, the object experiences a constant acceleration due to gravity, which is denoted by g. The value of g varies slightly depending on the location and altitude, but on average, it is about 9.8 m/s on the surface of the earth.
The equations of motion for free fall are given by:
v = u + gt
s = ut + (1/2)gt
v = u + 2gs
where v is the final velocity, u is the initial velocity, s is the displacement, t is the time, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Some examples and experiments related to free fall are:
The motion of a ball dropped from a height, which falls with an increasing speed and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
The motion of a feather and a coin in a vacuum chamber, which fall with the same acceleration and reach the ground at the same time.
The motion of a skydiver, who reaches a terminal velocity when the air resistance balances the gravitational force.
The motion of a projectile, which follows a parabolic path due to the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity.
Mass and Weight
Mass and weight are two different physical quantities that are often confused with each other. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, while weight is a measure of the gravitational force acting on an object. Mass is a scalar quantity that does not change with location or position, while weight is a vector quantity that depends on the strength of gravity.
Mass can be measured using a balance, which compares the mass of an object with a standard mass. Weight can be measured using a spring scale, which measures the force exerted by an object on a spring. The unit of mass is kilogram (kg), while the unit of weight is newton (N).
Mass and weight vary with altitude and latitude due to the variation in gravity. Gravity decreases as we move away from the center of the earth, so mass and weight are less at higher altitudes than at sea level. Gravity also decreases as we move away from the poles to the equator, due to the centrifugal force caused by the earth's rotation, so mass and weight are less at lower latitudes than at higher latitudes.
Thrust and Pressure
Thrust and pressure are two related concepts that deal with forces acting on surfaces. Thrust is the total force acting on a surface, while pressure is the force acting per unit area of the surface. The formula for thrust is given by:
T = F
where T is the thrust, and F is the force. The formula for pressure is given by:
P = F / A
where P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the area. The unit of thrust is newton (N), while the unit of pressure is pascal (Pa), which is defined as one newton per square meter.
Some examples and applications of thrust and pressure are:
The nails and pins, which have sharp points to increase the pressure and penetrate into the walls or boards.
The dams and walls, which have broader bases to reduce the pressure and withstand the water or soil.
The hydraulic machines, such as brakes, lifts, and presses, which use liquids to transmit and amplify the pressure.
The atmospheric pressure, which is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air on the earth's surface.
Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' principle is a famous principle in fluid mechanics that was discovered by the ancient Greek mathematician and physicist Archimedes. He stated that when an object is partially or wholly immersed in a fluid, it experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
The formula for Archimedes' principle is given by:
B = wf
where B is the buoyant force, and wf is the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The buoyant force acts in the opposite direction of gravity and makes the object appear lighter in the fluid.
The apparent weight of an object in a fluid is given by:
wa = w - B
where wa is the apparent weight, w is the actual weight, and B is the buoyant force. The apparent weight of an object in a fluid can be zero, positive, or negative depending on its density relative to the fluid.
Some examples and applications of Archimedes' principle are:
The floating and sinking of objects in liquids, which depends on their density and shape.
The working of ships, submarines, balloons, and airships, which use Archimedes' principle to adjust their buoyancy and altitude.
The determination of density and purity of solids and liquids, using devices such as hydrometers and lactometers.
The Eureka moment, which was a famous incident where Archimedes discovered his principle while taking a bath and ran out naked shouting "Eureka!" (I have found it!).
Relative Density
Relative density is a dimensionless quantity that compares the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance, usually water. It is also known as specific gravity or relative mass. It has no unit and can be calculated using the following formula:
R.D. = ds / dr
where R.D. is the relative density, ds is the density of the substance, and dr is the density of the reference substance. The density of water at 4C is 1 g/cm, which is used as the standard value for relative density.
Relative density can be measured using a hydrometer, which is a device that floats in a liquid and indicates its density by a scale. It can also be measured using a density bottle, which is a flask that has a fixed volume and can be filled with the liquid and weighed.
Relative density affects the floating and sinking of objects in liquids, as it determines the buoyant force acting on them. An object will float in a liquid if its relative density is less than 1, sink if its relative density is greater than 1, and remain suspended if its relative density is equal to 1.
Conclusion
In this article, we have learned about the concepts and topics covered in chapter 1 of std 10 science 1 book by target publications, which is about gravitation. We have discussed the universal law of gravitation, free fall, mass and weight, thrust and pressure, Archimedes' principle, and relative density. We have also seen some examples and applications of these concepts in our daily life.
Gravitation is an important topic in physics that helps us to understand the motion and interaction of all matter in the universe. It also helps us to appreciate the beauty and wonder of nature. We hope that this article has helped you to gain some insight and interest in this topic.
If you want to download the PDF of chapter 1 of std 10 science 1 book by target publications, you can visit their website and get it for free. You can also find other chapters and subjects on their website, along with solutions, sample papers, question banks, etc. You can also check out their YouTube channel for video lectures and explanations.
We wish you all the best for your board exams and your future endeavors. Keep learning and keep exploring!
FAQs
Q1: What is the difference between gravity and gravitation?
A: Gravity is the force of attraction between any two objects with mass, while gravitation is the study of gravity and its effects.
Q2: What are the factors that affect the value of g?
A: The value of g depends on the mass and radius of the earth, as well as the altitude and latitude of the location. It decreases as we move away from the center or poles of the earth.
Q3: What are the conditions for an object to be in equilibrium in a fluid?
A: An object is in equilibrium in a fluid when its weight is equal to the buoyant force acting on it, or when its relative density is equal to 1.
Q4: What are the advantages of using liquids in hydraulic machines?
A: Liquids are used in hydraulic machines because they are incompressible, which means they do not change their volume under pressure. This allows them to transmit and amplify the pressure uniformly throughout the system.
Q5: What are some examples of natural phenomena that involve gravitation?
A: Some examples of natural phenomena that involve gravitation are:
The formation and evolution of stars, planets, galaxies, etc.
The occurrence of eclipses, comets, meteors, etc.
The variation of seasons, day and night, etc.
The geothermal energy, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.
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